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西寧翻譯公司關鍵字：: upstream and downstream enterprises of the company is marketing, is the last link in chain. The middle reaches of the production of products sold to the market directly to consumers, marketing, management and technical level is not high. The downstream market is perfectly competitive market;Assuming four: upstream and downstream firms have a certain ability to learn, that is technically the "threshold level."From the above assumptions, the model can be described in Figure 1.Middle reaches of the most powerful technology companies, technology spillovers have the strength to become the source, in order to better promote the midstream business technology spillovers, industrial organization in the middle reaches of the enterprise policy arrangements, intentionally arranged type oligopolistic or monopolistic competition in the market. Because the introduction of a product areas one or two companies, among them a certain competition, which is the international competition to promote the importance of experience in advanced technology spillover. An area monopolized by a company with a number of foreign-invested enterprises compete with each other, the company's pricing strategy, technology transfer behavior and technology development arrangements are very different.Only with a certain degree of monopoly, the price of some manufacturers to maintain monopoly power, that is, profitability, external vendors have power to enter into the industrial chain, but can not form a complete monopoly, otherwise it will produce "X-inefficiency." At the same time only with a certain degree of competition in order to ensure the level of technology vendors to use, but can not form a perfectly competitive, or manufacturers can not guarantee profits, loss of access to the vendor enthusiasm. Midstream companies face upstream and downstream enterprises lagging behind the technological level, I feel like Robinson set foot on the island, if not immediately working to improve the external environment, will face the threat. Middle level of advanced technology companies to enter the market have the same feelings, will take the initiative on the upstream and downstream enterprises to technology spillovers, upgrade the technology level, at least to complete the technical requirements of production, production levels and product
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