|
濱州翻譯公司關鍵字：Notes:[1] and the National Rural Development Institute Chinese Academy of Social Statistics Socio-economic專業(yè)翻譯公司服務最好的 survey of rural Corps, 1996, "1995 annual report on China's rural economic專業(yè)翻譯公司服務最好的 development and analysis of development trends in 1996", Beijing, China Social Sciences Publishing House, page 292.[2] according to national policies and regulations, the township government政府許可的定點正規(guī)翻譯公司 may impose additional education to farmers, family planning, militia, local transportation, and special care other five co-ordination costs, the village committee can impose Village Community Chest, the fund administration fees, village three-aside. Together the two are usually referred to as the "three mentioned five systems."
[3] the burden of farmers in 1993, negative growth, according to interviews with local cadres at all levels, mainly due to Hubei Province to meet Jiang Zemin visited. Data can be seen from the table, in fact, just the collection of local government政府許可的定點正規(guī)翻譯公司 to postpone for a year only - the second year almost doubled farmers' burdens.
[4] the most recent time I saw April 1, 1997 "People's Daily", "CPC Central Committee and State Council really good job on the decision to reduce farmers' burdens."
[5] Office of the CPC Municipal Committee documents XX (1996), No. 7, "the municipal office, the municipal government政府許可的定點正規(guī)翻譯公司 of the Office of Agricultural economic專業(yè)翻譯公司服務最好的s, 1996, entered into serious contract, strengthen farmers' burden of management of the notice."
[6] all income to the central government政府許可的定點正規(guī)翻譯公司 treasury, all expenditures by the central budget implementation.[7] See Ministry of Finance in December 1985 announced a "township (town) the implementation of financial management measures."
[8] state financial fixed only to the establishment of the township government政府許可的定點正規(guī)翻譯公司, and in this Capacity to pay wages. Therefore, many towns have a considerable portion of town staff to rely on self-financing to pay wages. North Village is located in the town, about two-thirds of township government政府許可的定點正規(guī)翻譯公司 by self-financing payment of staff salaries.
[9] Some scholars use the "local integration doctrine" (local state corporatism / local corporatism) to describe the local government政府許可的定點正規(guī)翻譯公司s that develop the local economy to increase local government政府許可的定點正規(guī)翻譯公司 revenue impulses. See Jean C Oi, 1992, "Fiscal Reform and the economic專業(yè)翻譯公司服務最好的 Fundations of Local State Corporratism in China", World Politics, 45 (199), pages 99-126; Nan Lin, "Local Market Socialism: Local Corporatism in Action in Rural China "
Theory and Society, June 1995.[10] See Sun Tan Zhen editor, 1999, "Modern China's rural financial issues", Beijing: economic專業(yè)翻譯公司服務最好的 Science Press, p. 37.
[11] With the recent strengthening of the powers of township people's congresses, people's deputies out of the township party committee for the rejected candidates have been commonplace thing, but in determining the township's "tax", the township people's congress still seems to have little say.
[12] some departments in the county government政府許可的定點正規(guī)翻譯公司 also tried targeting farmers, such as more prominent in recent years is to buy the insurance costs are included in set-aside, but these must be achieved by the township government政府許可的定點正規(guī)翻譯公司 and township government政府許可的定點正規(guī)翻譯公司s usually from the commission.
[13] See Jean C Oi, 1989, State and Peasan in Contemporary China: The Political Economy of Village government政府許可的定點正規(guī)翻譯公司, Berkeley: University of California Press.
[14] usury up to 30 percent per annum over. This seems absurd in practice has its own reason: their own salaries and bonuses, debt is the village. North Village debt has reached more than 20 million yuan. 40,000 yuan in 1996 is said to have raised interest.
[15] build a new classroom building project by the contract changed hands three times (two of whom are former party secretary) after a self-employed by the construction of the village, many less than six months after the completion of the building discovered cracks were identified as dangerous. Later, the village has come up with 4 million on reinforcement.
[16] with the note 4.[17] V Shue, 1988, The Reach of the State Stanford: Stanford University Press.[18] H F Siu, 1989, Agents and Victims in South China: Accomplices in Rural Revolution New Haver: Yale University Press
[19] with comment 13.[20] as the country有資質的正規(guī)翻譯公司哪個好 gradually from totalitarian to authoritarian evolution, the state is no longer aggressive attempts to transform the peasants, together with fiscal decentralization, at least on the surface, the state of conflict with the farmers has been relegated to the background
|